托福考题回忆 【2015.5.24】

Reading

第一篇

大多数的动物都是陆生或水生的。依靠Flying 和Gliding 为主要行为方式类型的动物比较稀少。文章主要探讨了数量稀少的原因。它们只存在于tropical forest in south Asia，但在其他地区相对比较少。然后全文总共分析出三个这类动物只出现在南亚地区可能的理由，每一个理由独立成段，深入的分析了每个理由的因果关系。三个理由分别为：树很高。且高度上参差不齐；森林中还有很多有毒植物；而藤条较多，动物难以步行，必须去其他森林捕食。

△“现象-因果关系”类。考点会集中在每条分析当中。且段落中出现转折等反驳理论的，更会成为考点。

相关阅读：TPO 21 The Origins of Agriculture

第二篇

讲述美国农业发展中耕作模式的变迁。文章具体描述了1930年出现了Dust Bowl，这个沙尘暴席卷了美国的Great Plain, 美国的土地侵蚀（wind erosion）问题严重，导致护林岸受到威胁。为解决这一问题，美国人民试图改革耕地方式，但后来发现粮食供应不足，难以支撑越来越多的人口，出现了新的问题。文中举了一些实例，例如东京等城市是如何处理这样的问题的。

△美国农业史。关注每一段的topic sentence。

相关阅读：TPO 20 Westward Migration （美国历史变迁）

第三篇

描述Ocean对于气候的影响。文章主要围绕的中心是大洋对于气候的影响，大体内容可以分为三个部分，一，用大段介绍了climate model是如何运作的，气候的various aspects被不同的方式表现出来，引出海洋对于气候影响的主旨；二，某一种石灰石含有很多的一类气体，本来石头可吸收二氧化碳，但里面气体会释放出来加剧温室效应；三，海洋释放出的水蒸气会形成冰雪，对全球气候有重大的影响。

△“总-分”结构。

相关阅读：TPO 10 Variations in the Climate (相似的文章结构内容)

词汇：

Hence = therefore

Implement

Particularly = especially

Scarce = rare

Principally = mainly

Controversial

Induce

Fuels = energy

Tremendous

Listening

C1

天文学专业的学生印制T-shirt（学生此行目的）。一个学生要定party用的T-shirt，老师说不是前两天Marine biology的学生印了衣服了，学生说就是他们给了灵感。老师表示这里不印衣服（产生问题），但可以负责order（解决办法）。提及衣服的颜色，学生说忘记带设计稿了，因为是大家一起想的，所以没有记清楚，所以得回去拿。聊到衣服上的字，因为Pluto已不再是九大行星，所以就放到了T-shirt背面，其他行星都在正面。老师问为什么party要用这个衣服，学生解释说是为了让天文系的学生更加confident，其次作为一个宣传手段，鼓励其他专业的学生辅修天文学。

L1

关于behavior of dinosaurs的研究（动物行为）。提到一个方法可以用来分析化石上的遗留痕迹，可以推翻之前的hypothesis。举出两个例子，第一个是说某种恐龙身躯庞大，科学家以前推测这样的恐龙需要很长时间才能长成，结果发现它只需8-12年即可；另一个例子说原先人们以为一些矮小的恐龙矮的原因是immature，后来发现是因为食物和资源有限所致。（例子出题）

△动物及动物行为文章非常多。

相关材料：TPO28 L2 Mirror Self-Recongni / TPO25 L1 Assisted Migration / TPO16 L3 Foraging Behavior / TPO11 L1 Distraction Display / TPO8 L1 Active Habitat selection / TPO4 L1 Displacement Activity / TPO3 L1 Humming Birds / TOP1 L4 Marmots

L2

关于新能源 nuclear fusion 和 nuclear fission。裂变需要用uranium，但这个元素很少见，所以很不便。而nuclear fusion 可以释放更多能量，所以现在很多power station 都会使用这个方法。聚变需要很高能量，所以比较难，最近有一项新技术，实现了自体保持高温，所以让fusion变得便捷。然后表示这样一个系统很麻烦费时，所以呼吁国际间的合作，可以更快完善这个系统。

△核裂变以及核聚变类话题在此前2013.12.15以及2014.3.15已两次提及。

C2

关于老师教学的观察。女学生观察了progressive teaching approach,以此为根据，写observation paper（学生前来的目的）。案例，一节数学课，老师让几个学生自己到黑板是写下感兴趣的数学问题或难题，然后让学生自己想办法解决，其他同学作为helper 和那些学生组成group，一节课大家就分成了小组做题。由此，锻炼了social skill 和emotional achievement。

L3

关于两河流域的两个文化。HAKK以及另一个地方的文化。讲到某一个小城被一个文化conquer，后来发现seal，据记载是king的，名字是H文化的。后来又发现queen的seal ，名字是另外那个文化的，说明并不是一个文化conquer了另一个。

△考古类文章考的次数较多。

相关材料：TPO13 L3 Catahuyak / TPO14 L4 Passage Graves / TPO23 L1 Antikythera mechanism / TPO24 L3 Mega fauna

L4

罗马建筑风格对美国早期建筑的影响极其原因。首先说明美国早期建筑的两个特点：simple 和 symmetry。然后讲罗马建筑风格是怎样影响的，原因之一是通过影响英国，然后英国影响了美国。原因二是美国原先的一个总统也是建筑师，并且很喜欢罗马的建筑风格，所以影响了美国早期的建筑风格，列举了两个建筑为例。

△建筑学关注建筑形式，建筑特点。

相关材料：TPO11 L2 / TPO13 L1 / TPO29 L2

Speaking

TASK 1

Talk about a volunteer work you enjoying doing, explain why you enjoy it in details.

Read to patients. It’s an activity that perfect for those patients who can’t move easily.And reading may help them take away some pain. Reading bonds people together, helps them heal by bring people closer through a shared experience.

Plant trees. Help to provide more fresh air. Make the environment look nice.

Recycling // cleaning the street // help children ...

TASK 2

Some people prefer to work in an office, others prefer to work from home. Which do you prefer?

Work at home:

time-saving. Don’t have to waste time on transportation.

More pleasant. Can do whatever I want, say listening to music while working.

More healthy. Don’t have to sit on one spot for a very long time.

Working in an office:

more productive working with others and collaborating with team members.

Hard to focus at home and easy to become lazy and put things off due to the cozy environment at home.

A good way to interact with others instead of staying alone.

And it’s convenient to get help and suggestions from coworker once encountering some difficulties.

Well-equipped with better working facilities.

TASK 3

Reading

NOTICE: humanity department: poetry writing class is going to be canceled,

Reason 1: few students enrolled in, not worthwhile.

Reason 2: students can take a similar class in the nearby state university.

Listening

Disagree.

Reason 1: fewer students means smaller classes.offers enough attention from the professors, get more feedback；

Reason 2:  inconvenient.the other university is pretty far away like an hour by bus，and most students don’t have a car so it is too difficult for them to commute.

解释阅读部分内容：The humanity department pronounces that the poem writing course is canceled due to insufficient enrollments.

解释听力内容：The man in the conversation disagrees the idea.

Because smaller-size class is better for one to get more feedback.

Plus, although students can go to a nearby university, it is too far from the campus.and since most of students don’t have a car, so it would be really inconvenient and time-consuming for students to go there to take the class.

TASK 4

Reading

讲解了一个concept, releaser：a kind of stimulus trigger in animal that can arouse their innate behavior.such as feeding.

Listening

教授通过列举两个例子来说明：

例1- Toads本来是吃细长的worm，但只要是anything looks like a worm 他们都会吃，所以当用笔放在他们周围，同时移动，青蛙就会攻击那支笔。因为catching-feeding-eating这样的innate behavior 会stimulate它而产生一些行为。

例2- 鹅会本能的保护鹅蛋，所以也会本能的保护它所能碰到的所有球状物体。所以那些球状物体对于鹅来说就是releaser

解释概念：The releaser in the notice talks about a kind of stimulus trigger that can arouse innate behavior of animals.

And the professor in the listening uses two examples to further explain this theory.

带入例子：First, Toads love eating worm, which moves horizontally, so according to the theory, when the professor put a pencil around on the paper, and keep moving it at the same time, the toad will also peck it.

Second, geese tends to protect their eggs, so the goose tends to protect all the spherical shape it meets.And those round object to geese is like a releaser.

TASK 5

女学生要参加Pro. Thomson的经济学课，但是她还有另外四门课需要参加，所以担心课多不能keep up,不知怎么安排。

男生建议一可以下学期再选，但下学期她有兼职要做；二可以旁听，不用做paper and stuff，但是就会没有评分，可能没什么动力。

解释问题：The woman wants to take the economics course by Pro. Thomson, but she has another 4 required classes to take. She’s worried she won’t be able to keep up, so she has no idea how to make the arrangement.

解决方案：And she has 2 possible solutions. One is to sign up for the course next semester, but she would be busy then due to the part-time job she has to take care of and the other is to audit in the class, but she may be less motivated to work hard on it since there is no need for papers and tests and stuff.

推荐：I would recommend her to sign up for the course next semester and may give up her part-time job if necessary, which is more worthy.

TASK 6

社会学。Majority influence happens when an individual’s behavior is affected and altered by group thoughts. 有两种types.

教授举例一：一种叫information influence.开车去餐厅不知怎么走的时候，你说向左，别人都说向前，你就会改变主意直走。

举例二：另一种叫做normative influence. 和朋友看电影，你完全不喜欢那个电影，但剩下的朋友都觉得那个电影great，你也会同意赞美起那个电影，为了get along with them。

提出概念：Majority influence happens when an individual’s behavior is affected and altered by group thoughts.

以例子来论证：

When you’re driving friends to a restaurant and don’t know which way to go,and you think you should turn right but others think you should go straight, you are more likely to change your thoughts because the majority of group thinks you should go straight, then you may alter yours.

After watching a movie with your friends,and you don’t think the movie is very good, but all of your friends think the movie is awesome, so you’re more likely to agree with them when asked, instead of expressing your own opinion because you want to blend in and get along well with others.

△与TPO 23 reference group 类似。

Writing

Integrated writing

BG  ----/WIKI/

The "Pearl Poet", or the "Gawain Poet", is the name given to the author of Pearl, an alliterative poem written in 14th-centuryMiddle English. Its author appears also to have written the poems Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Patience, and Cleanness; some scholars suggest the author may also have composed Saint Erkenwald. Save for the last (found in BL-MS Harley 2250), all these works are known from a single surviving manuscript, the British Library holding Cotton Nero A.x. This body of work includes some of the greatest poetry written in Middle English.

The Pearl Poet remains unidentified. Some scholarship has argued to assign the poem to one John Massey, a member of the landed gentry from Cheshire. This attribution of the poems of Cotton Nero A.x is not widely accepted, however, reflected in the ongoing use of the labels "Pearl Poet" or "Gawain Poet."

Independent wring

Which way is the best for a student to make new friends: joining in a sports team, traveling, or volunteering for a community activity?

三选一很类似口语T2。（选一个的同时也可以说不选另外两个的原因）

参加体育活动：

好处----兴趣爱好很明显是相同的。更容易找到共同的话题。而且体育运动能很大程度消除交流障碍。和坐在一起聊天等相比，能更快融入，交到朋友。

不足---不是每一个人都擅长体育运动，如果个人不擅长什么体育活动为了交朋友而加入，可能会有因为自身体育方面能力不足而更加尴尬，甚至被嘲笑。

旅游：

好处---在沿途认识到各种各样的人，不想体育队那么局限，也不会有什么竞争压力。和同行的朋友相互分享一些旅游经历等，会让互相更快了解对方，留下美好的回忆。

不足---大家都有自己学习和工作的任务，并不是时刻都能去旅游。且旅游认识的异乡朋友可能都不会再见到了，只能是美好回忆，对日常交朋友的需要并没有什么太大的长久的帮助。

参加社区活动：

好处---参加活动的人生活方式，目标会更接近，也会有很多共同语言，也没有像体育或旅游一样对体能或对时间地域的局限。也会认识很多人，而且是一个社区的人。日后交流出行都会非常方便。