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小编:Hosea 194众所周知,雅思听力考试,核心考点是同义替换。摸清听力考试常见替换套路,并做错题总结和反思,对刷听力题有事半功倍的效果,对阅读和写作的备考都有很多益处。听力中同义替换主要有两种形式:句式改写和词的改写。
一、句式改写
句子同义替换方式主要有三种。
1.主被动语态转述
顾名思义,就是把被动语态换成主动语态,反之亦然。这类题在考试中难度系数很大,主要原因就是主语和宾语之间的位置转换,造成答案前置。考生没办法根据关键词定位,通常是答案词出现之后再听到关键词,而后知后觉错失答案。
E.g.C4-1-2
12.The metal industry was established at Riverside Village by____________ who lived in the area.这道题审题很重要,看到题目中是被动语态,就应该提高警惕,音频中很可能会转换成主动语态。提前预判也很重要,通过by和who可猜测所填的内容为特定人群,所以音频中出现人的时候应该记录。原文:At that time, local craftsmen first built an iron forge just behind the village here on the band in the river.主动语态中,动作发出者置于句首,宾语iron forge(替代metal industry)后置,这就意味着考生是先听到答案词local craftsmen,再听到关键词iron forge,属典型的答案前置。相对于题目和录音语序一致的情况,主被动颠倒语序对于考生而言显然要难得多。但如果熟悉主被动转述的套路并能正确预判,得出正确答案就容易的多。
2.因果转述
原因题也是听力中常见的考点,因果逻辑的变换,如前因后果转变为前果后因十分常见,录音中会通过单词和句式的转换来达到这一目的,要掌握好表示因果的词/词组。
Result→ Reason由于,因为:because(of), since, for, as, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result of, on account of, be attributed to等;
Reason →Result导致,引起:cause, lead to, result in, reason for, so, therefore, in that case, bring to, in order to, give rise to, aim at, with the aim of等。
3.并列转述
并列转述比较简单,主要是改变并列词或改变并列词前后词的顺序。掌握常见的并列词如and//in addition //similarly // likewise// as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too // not only ... but // even // besides this等。
二、词的改写
1.同根词替换
顾名思义,转换词性或词性不变,保留原来词根和词义,是最普遍的替换方式之一。要学会用词根词缀记单词,注意词跟词之间的联系。
A)名词和动词替换: according to the accommodation rules, _____can't be changed. 原文: you must remember that no changes can be made to the meal time.
B)名词和形容词替换:_____is a necessity. 原文: it's necessary to protect the environment.
C)比如:assess-assessment, development-develop, method-methodology, important-importance.
2.同义词/词组替换
应该是考生最熟悉的替换方式,这种改写通常具有词性一致词数一致的特点,如rent=hire, a range of=a variety of,因此比较容易听辨。如cost=price, sign=indication, partner=spouse, satisfy=meet, drawback=weakness, for example=such as, go to=travel to等.
3.反义替换
反义词替换或者否定词替换也是常见替换形式,要多注意。如interesting=not boring, noisy=not quiet, easy=not difficult, lack of good training=poor training等。
4.逻辑同义替换(改写解释说明)
有时,替换方式并不很直接,会用过句子或词组来解释说明一个单词,如long=4 weeks=several months. E.g. Rexford is just 35 minutes from London Airport. = C. near London Airport
5.上下义替换
此种方式跟同义词替换很相似,同同类词来替换,具体来说就是用抽象词指代具体,或整体指代部分。如cold drink=chilled mineral water, reptile=snakes, transport=bus/train, fauna=wildlife = animals / plants / vegetation, flora=forests=trees=plants=wood=flowers, refreshment=snack=drink=sandwich等。
6.数字替换
把一些抽象概念具体化,有些指代数量的词用具体数字替代,如fortnight=2 weeks=14 days, dozen=12, score=20, decade=10 years, a large amount of =a high proportion of=70%, a quarter=1/4=25%等。所以考生在积累听力词汇时一定要灵活,注意总结和整理。